Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhluzwa kwama-molecular ekuhlanzweni kwama-diglycerides

Isifinyezo: Ukuhluzwa kwama-molecule, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-distillation yendlela emfushane, inqubo yokuncibilikisa engalingani efinyelela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ephezulu ngokusekelwe ekwehlukeni kwendlela ekhululekile ephakathi yokuhamba kwama-molecule kwezinto ezahlukene. Ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ama-molecule bunezinga eliphezulu le-vacuum, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuncibilikisa, isikhathi esifushane sokushisa, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukana okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, bunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezinamaphuzu abilayo aphezulu, buvikele ikhwalithi yezinto ezizwela ukushisa, futhi bufanelekela ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanzwa kwezinto ezinamaphuzu abilayo aphezulu, ezizwela ukushisa, futhi ezikwazi ukuncibilikisa kalula. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ama-molecule busetshenziswe ezimbonini ezifana ne-petrochemical, amakhemikhali amahle, kanye nokudla. Leli phepha lihlaziya ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ama-molecule ekuhlanzweni kwama-diglycerides.

Amagama angukhiye: Ubuchwepheshe Bokuhluza Ama-Molecular; ama-diglycerides; ukusetshenziswa kokuhlanza

Ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali, izinto eziningi zikhona ngendlela yezingxube. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, lezi zinto zidinga ukuhlukaniswa zibe nobumsulwa obuthile. Phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa, ukuhluzwa kuyinto evamile, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokuhluzwa kwamangqamuzana bunikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile. Njengamanje, ngentuthuko esheshayo yemboni yamakhemikhali, lo mkhakha usuqalile ukugcizelela kakhulu intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko. Lapho kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuhluzwa kwamangqamuzana, izici ezifana nenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nemikhiqizo yokugcina kumele zisetshenziswe futhi zenziwe ngokombono oluhlaza, ngaleyo ndlela zenze intuthuko yamakhemikhali aluhlaza ibe ngokoqobo.

I.Ukubuka konke kobuchwepheshe be-Molecular Distillation

1. Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zobuchwepheshe Bokuhluza Ama-Molecular

Ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule buyindlela entsha yokukhiqiza amakhemikhali eye yadonsela ukunaka okukhulu ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Isici sayo esiyingqayizivele sisekubeni ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba, obuhluke kakhulu ezindleleni zendabuko zokuhluza, futhi buphakeme kakhulu kunokuhlanza ama-molecule ngokwekhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa. Amandla ashukumisayo okuhlukana kubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule avela ekuhambeni kwama-molecule ezinto ezahlukene kanye nomehluko obangelwa yizindlela zawo ezikhululekile eziphakathi. Lapho ingcindezi ku-separator yehla futhi izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukunyakaza kwama-molecule kuyashesha, okuholela ekunciphiseni ububanzi bama-molecule. Njengoba i-separator isebenza, umehluko kububanzi bama-molecule uba mkhulu kakhulu, ekugcineni kufezwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto. Idivayisi yokuhlukanisa ifaka i-evaporator, ama-heating plate, ama-condensing plate, njalo njalo. Ngaphansi kwendawo ephezulu ye-vacuum, ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye kwama-heating plate nama-condensing plate kubangela ukuthi ama-molecule ku-liquid eluhlaza axutshwe ahlukane futhi ageleze aye kuma-condensing plate, ekugcineni afeze ukuhlukana okuphumelelayo.

2. Ubuchwepheshe Obubalulekile Ekuhluzeni Ama-Molecular

Ukuze ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule budlale indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali aluhlaza, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obusetshenziswa enqubweni yokuhluza. Ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kuphela lapho kungafinyelela khona imiphumela engcono. Izindlela zobuchwepheshe eziningana ezibalulekile zisetshenziswa ekuhluza ama-molecule. Eyokuqala ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule obuphezulu. Lesi yisihluthulelo sokusetshenziswa okubushelelezi kwenqubo yonke yokuhluza ama-molecule. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule obuphezulu kungadala indawo yokuhluza ama-molecule, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kwezinqubo zokuhluza ama-molecule ezilandelayo. I-evaporator yokuhluza ama-molecule nayo iyingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe. Enkambisweni yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo se-evaporator sihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona uhlelo lokuthuthwa kwezinto. Lokhu kusebenza njengomthambo wokusebenza kobuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule. Lolu hlelo ludinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka kobuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule nokuqinisekisa intuthuko yalo eqhubekayo.

II. Izimiso kanye Nezimpawu Zokucwiliswa Kwama-Molecular

1. Izimiso Eziyisisekelo

Ukucwiliswa okuvamile kusekelwe ekulinganisweni komswakama-uketshezi, kuhlanganiswe nomehluko ekuguqukeni okulinganiselwe phakathi kwezingxenye, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa ezingeni lokushisa lokubila lenhlanganisela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucwiliswa kwama-molecule kufeza ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinto ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ephezulu ngokusekelwe ekungafani kwendlela yamahhala ephakathi yokunyakaza kwama-molecule kwezinto ezahlukene. Ukucwiliswa kwama-molecule inqubo yokucwiliswa kwama-vacuum ephezulu lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa ngaphansi kwephuzu lokubila kwezinto, okwenza kube inqubo yokucwiliswa engalingani ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokucwiliswa kwama-molecule, ama-molecule ezingxenye ezikhanyayo anendlela enkulu yamahhala ephakathi, kuyilapho ama-molecule ezingxenye ezisindayo enendlela encane yamahhala ephakathi. Uma indawo yokucwiliswa ibekwa kude nobuso bokuhwamuka okungaphansi kwendlela yamahhala ephakathi yama-molecule ezingxenye ezikhanyayo kodwa okukhulu kuneyama-molecule ezingxenye ezisindayo, ama-molecule ezingxenye ezikhanyayo azowela endaweni yokucwiliswa futhi ancishiswe. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukulingana okuguquguqukayo kokunyakaza kwawo kwama-molecule, okubangela ukuba aphunyuke njalo. Okwamanje, ama-molecule ezingxenye ezisindayo, angakwazi ukufinyelela endaweni yokucwiliswa, abuyela endaweni yokuqala yoketshezi futhi asondele ngokushesha kukulingana okuguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, izingxenye ezahlukene engxubeni ziyahlukaniswa.

2. Izinzuzo kanye nokulinganiselwa kobuchwepheshe bokuhluzwa kwama-molecular

Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule, izici eziningana zingafingqwa. Okokuqala, ngokungafani nokuhluza okuvamile, inqubo yokuhlukanisa ukuhluza ama-molecule ayidingi indawo yokushisa ephezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhluza ama-molecule kuncike kakhulu ekunyakazeni kwama-molecule ukuze kuhlukaniswe, hhayi ezindaweni zokubila. Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo, izinga lokushisa kufanele ligcinwe lingaphansi kwephuzu lokubila. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhluza okuvamile, ukuhluza ama-molecule kudinga ingcindezi ephansi, futhi ukwehla kwengcindezi kuholela ekwehleni kwephuzu lokubila. Njengoba izinga lokushisa elidingwa yilobu buchwepheshe lingadingi ukufinyelela endaweni yokubila, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lokuhluza ama-molecule liphansi ngokungenakugwenywa kunelokuhluza okuvamile. Ukuhluza ama-molecule kuyinqubo yokuhluza engalingani enezinzuzo eziningana. Eyokuqala izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokusebenza. Ekuhluzeni ama-molecule, uma ama-molecule omhwamuko ephuma esigabeni soketshezi, ukuhlukana kungatholakala ngaphandle kokufinyelela esimweni sokubila. Enye inzuzo ingcindezi yokusebenza ephansi. Ukuze uthole indlela enkulu ngokwanele yamahhala, ingcindezi yokuhluza kumele incishiswe. Ngoba imishini yokuhluza ama-molecule ilula futhi ukwehla kwengcindezi yangaphakathi kuncane, i-vacuum ephezulu ingatholakala. Okulandelayo isikhathi esifushane sokushisa. Ngokusekelwe esimisweni sokuhluzwa kwama-molecule, ama-molecule akhanyayo aphuma ebusweni bokuhwamuka afinyelela ebusweni bokuhwamuka cishe ngaphandle kokushayisana, okuholela esikhathini esifushane kakhulu sokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa kuphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenza kokuhluzwa kwama-molecule kumele kuhlangabezane nezimo eziningana. Okokuqala, kufanele kube nomehluko othile ezindleleni ezikhululekile eziphakathi zama-molecule akhanyayo kanye nezingxenye ezisindayo. Okwesibili, ibanga phakathi kobuso bokuhwamuka kanye nobuso bokuhwamuka kumele libe lincane kunendlela ekhululekile ephakathi yama-molecule ezingxenye zokukhanya. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhluzwa okuvamile, ukuhluzwa kwama-molecule kunezinzuzo eziningi ezivelele, kodwa futhi kunemikhawulo ethile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhluzwa kwama-molecule kudinga ukuhlukaniswa ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ephezulu, kudinga imishini ebiza kakhulu kanye nezidingo zokuklama eziphakeme kanye nobuchwepheshe.

III. Ukwenziwa Kwe-Enzymatic Kwe-Diglycerides

1. Ukwenziwa kwe-esterization

I-Esterification isebenzisa i-glycerol kanye nama-fatty acid amahhala njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye ne-lipase njengesikhuthazi sokukhiqiza i-DAG (diglycerides). Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-esterification, kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo efana ne-TAG (triglycerides) kanye ne-MAG (monoglycerides). Amanzi akhiqizwa ku-esterification reaction awagcini nje ngokuvimbela inqubekela phambili yokusabela kodwa futhi anciphisa umsebenzi we-lipase. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula okuqukethwe kwamanzi okufanele kubalulekile. Ngokuvamile, inani lama-fatty acid amahhala anikezwayo likhulu kunele-glycerol ukuze linikeze ama-fatty acid amahhala anele e-esterification nge-glycerol, kodwa akufanele libe ngokweqile, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaba nzima ukulisusa ekugcineni kokusabela noma kungathinta umsebenzi we-lipase ngenxa ye-acidity ephezulu. Indlela ye-esterification eqondile inezinzuzo ezifana nesikhathi esifushane sokusabela, ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo obuphezulu, kanye nezinyathelo ezilula zokusabela. Kodwa-ke, ngoba ama-fatty acid amahhala abiza kakhulu, izindleko zendlela ye-esterification eqondile ziphakeme kakhulu.

2. I-Hydrolysis Eyingxenye

Indlela ye-hydrolysis engaphelele ihilela ukusabela i-TAG ngamanzi kanye ne-enzyme ukuze kutholakale ingxube ye-DAG, MAG, kanye ne-FFA (ama-fatty acid amahhala). I-DAG yobumsulwa obuphezulu itholakala ngokususa amanzi, i-MAG, i-FFA, kanye ne-TAG esele ngokusebenzisa i-distillation yama-molecule. Indlela ye-hydrolysis engaphelele inenqubo yokusabela elula kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo yethula amanzi, okungase kunciphise ikhwalithi yamafutha, ikakhulukazi amafutha anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-fatty acid e-polyunsaturated. Ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukusabela, ukuncibilika kwamanzi ezintweni ezinamafutha kuqala kuthinta izinga lokusabela. Ngakho-ke, izinyibilikisi eziphilayo noma ama-surfactants zivame ukungezwa ku-partial hydrolysis reaction ukuze kwandiswe ukuncibilika kokubili kwama-reactants futhi kuthuthukiswe isivuno se-DAG.

3. I-Glycerolysis

I-Glycerolysis iyindlela engabizi kakhulu yokukhiqiza i-DAG. I-Enzymatic glycerolysis isebenzisa i-TAG kanye ne-glycerol njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwe-catalysis ye-lipase ukukhiqiza i-DAG. Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-glycerolysis, i-glycerol ingezwa kancane kancane ukuvimbela i-glycerol ukuthi ingamunceki endaweni esebenzayo ye-lipase futhi ithinte umsebenzi wayo we-catalytic. Njengendlela ye-hydrolysis engaphelele, ama-surfactant ebanga lokudla ngezinye izikhathi afakwa ekusabeleni kwe-glycerolysis ukuze kunqotshwe inkinga yokungahlangani phakathi kwe-glycerol namafutha/amafutha.

4. Ukuguqulwa kwe-ester

Indlela ye-transesterification isebenzisa i-TAG ne-MAG njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwe-catalysis ye-lipase ukukhiqiza i-DAG. Indlela ye-transesterification ihilela izinyathelo ezimbili: okokuqala, ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis kwe-TAG, bese kuba ukusabela kwe-esterification phakathi kwe-lipase evela ku-TAG ne-MAG ene-hydrolyzed. Ibhalansi phakathi kwezinyathelo ezimbili ze-hydrolysis ne-esterification ibalulekile futhi iyinselele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko eziphezulu ze-MAG azilungele ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni.

IV. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhluzwa kwama-molecular ekuhlanzweni kwama-diglycerides

I-DAG (i-diglycerides) uhlobo olusha lwamafutha anempilo, kodwa okuqukethwe kwayo kumafutha emvelo namafutha kuphansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizo ongahluziwe wama-diglycerides akhiwe ngokwenziwa nawo uqukethe eminye imikhiqizo eminingi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa kwama-diglycerides kubaluleke kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwama-molecular bungenye yezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu enqubweni yokuhlanzwa kwama-diglycerides. Futhi buyindlela entsha futhi ephumelelayo yokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza, efinyelela inhloso yokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza ngokusebenzisa umehluko endleleni ekhululekile yokunyakaza kwama-molecule kwezinto ezahlukene. Ifaka izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuhlanzwa, isikhathi esifushane sokushisa, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa okuphezulu, akukho ukungcola, kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa. Ifaneleka kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni nasekuhlanzweni kwemikhiqizo yemvelo enamaphuzu aphezulu okubila, ukuzwela kokushisa, kanye nokubola okulula. Le ndlela ingagwema ngempumelelo ukuwohloka kokushisa kwezingxenye ezizwela ukushisa futhi ezifakwe kalula. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ezintweni ezihlukene ezinamaphoyinti aphezulu okubila noma umehluko omncane ezindaweni zokubila. Inamathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa ekuhlanzweni kwama-diglycerides. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga ezithile ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwama-molecular ekuhlanzweni kwama-diglycerides. Isibonelo, imishini yokuhlanza ama-molecule idinga ukusebenza kahle kokuvala futhi iyabiza. Njengamanje, abukho ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene obungaxazulula lezi zinkinga, futhi kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintsha zezindlela zobuchwepheshe nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza ama-molecule.

Ngamafuphi, ukuthembeka kobuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule kuye kwabonakala ngokugcwele ekusebenzeni, futhi kungakhuthaza intuthuko kanye nenqubekela phambili yobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali obuhle obuluhlaza. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule buhlobene kakhulu nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuhlobene, iShayina kufanele iqinise kakhulu ukushintshana kobuchwepheshe kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwamabhizinisi, izikhungo, namanyuvesi, ukuze kubekwe isisekelo sokwenza ngcono imingcele yenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni kokuhluza ama-molecule. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule bunezinzuzo ezihlukile ekuhlukaniseni nasekuhlanzeni imithi yemvelo. Buye basetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlukaniseni nasekuhlanzeni imithi yemvelo.

Uma unemibuzo mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokuhluza ama-molecule noma amasimu ahlobene, noma uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe, sicela ukhululeke ukungitshelaXhumana nathi ithimba lochwepheshe. Sizinikele ekukunikezeni isevisi esezingeni eliphezulu kanyeIzixazululo ze-Turnkey.